https://www.journal-uamd.org/index.php/IJRD/issue/feedInterdisciplinary Journal of Research and Development2024-03-27T20:08:00+01:00Prof. Sokol Pacukajsokolpacukaj@uamd.edu.alOpen Journal Systems<p>Interdisciplinary Journal of Research and Development (IJRD), is an International official journal of the “Aleksandër Moisiu” University of Durrës, Albania. IJRD is an open-access journal that considers original articles, reviews and short communications of high scientific standard in the full spectrum of sciences. Our aim is to promote the exchange of information and knowledge among researchers, students and academic staffs. The journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and academic excellence. All articles published in this journal will be peer-reviewed. Papers will be published shortly after acceptance. All users have right to access freely online all the articles published by IJRD without any charge.</p>https://www.journal-uamd.org/index.php/IJRD/article/view/340Understanding Innovation Ecosystems2024-03-23T22:07:07+01:00Ilindena Sotirofskiadmin@admin.com<p>In today’s changing and globalized world innovation ecosystems have become drivers of economic growth and competitive advantage. These ecosystems facilitate collaboration, knowledge sharing and technological advancements, among businesses. Scholars and practitioners have increasingly focused on understanding the concept of innovation ecosystems as they play a role in the survival and growth of firms in the technology driven economy. Companies rely on product innovation to access markets and opportunities leading them to prioritize searches for innovative ideas. To create value in business landscape, industries are now emphasizing the importance of fostering ecosystems that promote collaboration among companies. This literature review aims to synthesize existing research on the innovation ecosystems with a focus on open innovation and value creation. By examining frameworks, empirical studies, and practical insights this article offers a comprehensive overview of the mechanisms, challenges and opportunities that shape these ecosystems. It also highlights the roles played by networks, regulatory frameworks and organizational capabilities in driving innovation led growth and sustainable development, within dynamic and interconnected innovation ecosystems.</p> <p> </p> <p>Received: 19 February 2024 / Accepted: 15 March 2024 / Published: 23 March 2024</p>2024-03-23T00:00:00+01:00Copyright (c) 2024 https://www.journal-uamd.org/index.php/IJRD/article/view/341Is Globalization Over?2024-03-23T22:09:26+01:00Arian Dedejadmin@admin.comLorenzo Mediciadmin@admin.com<p>Globalization has experienced an incredible acceleration following the conclusion of the Cold War. However, during the last 20 years, it has received increasing threats, and there have been several declarations of its death. Globalization has endured, nevertheless, despite the Great Financial Crisis, Brexit, and the bitter trade dispute between the U.S. and China during Donald Trump's presidency. Worldwide supply chains could have finally collapsed because of the COVID-19 outbreak, but globalization managed to endure. The global systems of production, trade, finance, and human globalization, linked to the mobility of people and communication, have resisted all these threats. Most likely, globalization is too rooted in the contemporary international system to be reversed. However, security threats and possible worldwide armed conflicts appear more severe than in the past, threatening to undermine its survival. The purpose of this paper is to present an explanation of the evolution of globalization. In order to achieve this, a comparative methodology is used between different authors analyzing the activities related to globalization.</p> <p> </p> <p>Received: 22 February 2024 / Accepted: 14 March 2024 / Published: 23 March 2024</p>2024-03-23T00:00:00+01:00Copyright (c) 2024 https://www.journal-uamd.org/index.php/IJRD/article/view/342Implementation of the MLC Convention in Albania and its Role in Seafarer’s Standards2024-03-23T22:11:20+01:00Osman Metallaadmin@admin.comAlma Golgotaadmin@admin.comUmberto LaGattaadmin@admin.comEduard Ndokajadmin@admin.comShpëtim Pupaadmin@admin.com<p>The Maritime Labor Convention (MLC) is an international labor standard adopted by the International Labor Organization (ILO) in 2006 [1] . The MLC was designed to ensure that seafarers receive decent working conditions on board ships, without any difference regardless their nationality. The convention sets out minimum requirements to be met by authorities, shipping companies, for seafarer’s employment rights, working conditions, and social protection. Convention, 2006, as amended (MLC 2006) on 28 Oct [2]ober 2016, and the convention entered into force in Albania on 28 October 2017. The amendments of the Code of the Convention approved by the International Labor Conference (ILC) in 2018 entered into force in Albania on 26 December 2020. The aim of this paper is to examine the implementation of MLC requirements and its impact in Albanian maritime industry, and to identify the needed steps to be undertaken by Albanian maritime authorities to fully comply with MLC requirements.</p> <p> </p> <p>Received: 23 February 2024 / Accepted: 18 March 2024 / Published: 23 March 2024</p>2024-03-23T00:00:00+01:00Copyright (c) 2024 https://www.journal-uamd.org/index.php/IJRD/article/view/343Challenges of Social Workers in the Multidisciplinary Team in the Penitentiary System2024-03-23T22:14:39+01:00Sara Lleshiadmin@admin.com<p>Today, social workers are found in many communities and institutional environments, including social service agencies, child care agencies, schools, hospitals, mental health programs, substance abusers, courts, prisons worldwide. Regardless of where they practice, to be effective social work practitioners, they share some unique professional needs. Today, the ability to assist and empower clients struggling with various issues, involved in legal matters, injustices, and on the brink of legal protection, is required. Social workers are required to be able to collaborate with professionals and other parties interested in helping the client navigate through a variety of financial, psychological, emotional, and legal concerns. This study addresses the importance of the practical development field of a forensic social worker, a field that is usually neglected and misunderstood. The study focuses on preliminary work on this field by showing a broader view of forensic social work which includes the knowledge and skills necessary to practice effectively in the socio-legal environment. "Forensic social worker" encompasses not only a narrow group of victims or abusers involved in juvenile justice and criminal justice but also individuals with mental health issues and programs affected by the police and state laws. Interdisciplinary practice and legal knowledge are essential for social workers to ensure that clients are provided with effective service. The inclusion of legal rules is rarely addressed in social work in a meaningful and practical way. This study provides practical knowledge in the collaborative work of forensic social workers.</p> <p> </p> <p>Received: 13 February 2024 / Accepted: 19 March 2024 / Published: 23 March 2024</p>2024-03-23T00:00:00+01:00Copyright (c) 2024 https://www.journal-uamd.org/index.php/IJRD/article/view/344Lifelong Learning2024-03-23T22:16:50+01:00Xhensila Allaadmin@admin.com<p>The concept of lifelong learning has become one of the most widely discussed concepts in the field of adult education. Lifelong learning is about acquiring and updating all kinds of abilities, interests, knowledge and qualifications from the pre-school years to post retirement which promotes the development of knowledge and competences that will enable adaptation to the knowledge-based society and also valuing all forms of learning. It is the broad term for education that is conducted beyond school. Therefor it’s voluntary, rather than compulsory, and is completely self-motivated – with the main goal being to improve personal or professional development. This paper examines the scope of the field of lifelong learning, covering definitions and exploring its benefits. It also gives an overview of the skills that can help individuals become lifelong learners. Our world is changing around us in such a frantic pace that if we do not continue to grow and develop; we will soon be left behind. Lifelong learning is an essential challenge for inventing the future of our societies; it is a necessity rather than a possibility or a luxury to be considered. Three objectives of this paper are: first, to clarify the concept of lifelong learning; second, to focus on the benefits of lifelong learning and its importance; and third, to discuss crucial capacities for the development of the individual as a lifelong learner.</p> <p> </p> <p>Received: 19 February 2024 / Accepted: 15 March 2024 / Published: 23 March 2024</p>2024-03-23T00:00:00+01:00Copyright (c) 2024 https://www.journal-uamd.org/index.php/IJRD/article/view/345The Impact of User Awareness on Online Behavior Advertising Acceptance2024-03-23T22:18:28+01:00Erjonilda Hasramaadmin@admin.com<p>Purpose: Online Behavior and Data-Driven Advertising (OBA) have emerged as an influential tool in product and service promotion. The purpose of this research is to investigate the role of consumer awareness in decision-making, regarding data-driven advertising in the Albanian context. The research aims to address the digital literacy gap in Albania and its impact on OBA acceptance. Research design, data, and methodology: Employing a web-based survey, the study objective was to capture consumers perspectives and knowledge regarding online behavior in general and OBA in particular (N=171). Results: Research findings underscore the importance of OBA awareness and its impact in shaping acceptance or avoidance of OBA that is manifested through the click intentions of the targeted advertising. Conclusion: The study emphasizes the importance of awareness and knowledge, highlighting the link between consumer empowerment and understanding personalization strategies. The study contributes to both theoretical understanding and practical applications, setting the way for informed strategies in Albania's digital landscape.</p> <p> </p> <p>Received: 24 February 2024 / Accepted: 17 March 2024 / Published: 23 March 2024</p>2024-03-23T00:00:00+01:00Copyright (c) 2024 https://www.journal-uamd.org/index.php/IJRD/article/view/346The National and International Legal Framework Related to Family Relations Seen from the Perspective of Gender Equality2024-03-23T22:24:04+01:00Blerina Masha Shkurtiadmin@admin.com<p>Gender-based discrimination is a long-standing problem of society and of the family in particular. While the possibilities of identifying the phenomenon of discrimination in public life are more tangible, discrimination in the family remains mostly in the shadows and not easily evident. It is about the relationships that are built between spouses, children, and other family members. This study aims to analyze the factual and legal situation of the dimensions of (lack of) equality between family members from a gender perspective. Seen through the lens of family relations in particular, this study will reflect in general terms the trend and society's approach to gender equality. This is because of imagining and not only the family as the basic and most important cell of society, the one that transmits values and principles to society. Healthy family and marital relations are an important contribution to the elimination of gender stereotypes not only between family members but also in society in general. Although family relations mainly belong to the sphere and private interest, the legislator has always put a strong emphasis on the special protection of the family and marriage, providing for it in the most important normative acts, such as the Constitution and the Family Code, but also in other acts which indirectly regulate family relations. There are also numerous international legal instruments that mainly protect the institution of the family and mainly the sphere of equality in the rights and obligations of its members. See these in the consideration of equality between men and women in several main directions such as equality and non-discrimination between men and women to the relationship that originates from marriage as an act, equality and non-discrimination of men and women to the rights and obligations towards children, equality, and non-discrimination in the consequences of ending a marriage. The elaboration and legal basis of the situations cited above will be the purpose of this paper, seen from the perspective of domestic and international legislation, as well as judicial practice. Legal reforms in the aspects of legal equality and non-discrimination in family and marital life have been and will remain a dynamic and continuous process as long as the dominant elements is human nature. This is reflected in internal normative acts such as the Family Code, but also in ratified international instruments and the jurisprudence of the ECHR. While the facts and results show that there is still significant gender inequality between family members, this should be taken as an incentive not only for other legal reforms but also for social policies in the future.</p> <p> </p> <p>Received: 19 February 2024 / Accepted: 21 March 2024 / Published: 23 March 2024</p>2024-03-23T00:00:00+01:00Copyright (c) 2024 https://www.journal-uamd.org/index.php/IJRD/article/view/347Empowering Future Teachers with Media and Literacy Skills2024-03-23T22:25:41+01:00Manjola Zaçellariadmin@admin.comLidia Reçiadmin@admin.com<p>In the contemporary digital era, proficiency in navigating and critically evaluating information stands as a fundamental requirement for prospective educators. This study delves into the execution of the project titled "Empowering future teachers with media and literacy skills," aimed at fostering media literacy among students enrolled in the Faculty of Education at Aleksandër Moisiu University, Durrës. The project strategically employs dynamic interventions to instill media literacy skills in students, with the primary objective of arming participants with the essential competencies to responsibly navigate the intricate media landscape. Consequently, this contribution aims to foster a more informed and media-savvy society. Key objectives to attain this overarching goal encompass the enhancement of critical thinking, promotion of peer education, creation of valuable educational resources, and community engagement through interactive methodologies. This study investigates the project's impact on participants, drawing insights from the perspectives of 73 students enrolled in the Faculty of Education at UAMD.</p> <p> </p> <p>Received: 26 February 2024 / Accepted: 15 March 2024 / Published: 23 March 2024</p>2024-03-23T00:00:00+01:00Copyright (c) 2024 https://www.journal-uamd.org/index.php/IJRD/article/view/348Fetal and Maternal Health Implications by Pregnancy Trimesters in Gestational Diabetes2024-03-23T22:27:46+01:00Migena Priftiadmin@admin.com<p>Introduction: Gestational diabetes (GD) is defined as intolerance to glucose or the presence of high levels of glycemia during pregnancy. Its incidence in Europe reaches 3-5% of all pregnancies, but in some Mediterranean countries it goes up to 7%. 1,2(This includes our country). GD usually disappears after birth.3 Its importance is not only important as a pathology of women's health but also because of the risk factors that lead to the development of the fetus. Occasionally new research and studies on the correlates of diabetes in pregnancy, glycemic values that affect maternal or fetal health, or changes in baseline parameters depending on external and internal factors affecting pregnancy. An indication of the latter is the prediabetes group or IGM. Our aim: To study intrauterine complications or fetal consequences by trimesters in diabetic pregnant women attending Regional Hospital Durres. Maternal health close observation of GD complications. Methodology: Following the primary processing of patient data, individuals at risk were separated, and categorized according to trimester of pregnancy. The data were worked out on crostabulary statistical tables, where a selected number of participants with prediabetes or gestational diabetes were associated with a risk factor to analyze the correlational correlation in our population. Results. Reported to the gynecology services, for first-trimester pathology, 1954 women, of which 1176 have had one of the diagnoses: missed abortion, blighest ovum or recurrent abortion. Reported to the Pathology Pregnancy Pathology Service about 3268 of which were monitored and resulted based in examinations in 163 cases with prediabetes and diabetes in pregnancy. We have grouped and extracted the results based on correlations of baseline glycemic index to diagnose DG and the onset of complications in the fetus and in pregnancy.</p> <p> </p> <p>Received: 19 February 2024 / Accepted: 15 March 2024 / Published: 23 March 2024</p>2024-03-23T00:00:00+01:00Copyright (c) 2024 https://www.journal-uamd.org/index.php/IJRD/article/view/349Analyzing the Development of Political Rights and Civil Liberties in Albania during the Country’s Democratic Transition: A Comparative Assessment from Freedom House Report Data2024-03-23T22:29:24+01:00Ramiola Kalemiadmin@admin.com<p>A nation's ability to develop directly correlates with the preservation of citizens' political rights and civil liberties. These elements are vital for national growth and development. The level of respect for these rights and liberties must, therefore, be examined to understand and assist in the progress of a nation. A primary source of analysis for this study is Freedom House reports, with a focus on two essential components of democracy: political rights and civil liberties. The study focuses on investigating democratization from the start of political reforms in Albania following the collapse of the communist system to this present day. These parameters are further divided into subgroups to provide more detailed analysis. By using the Freedom House index, the study aims to determine whether democratic characteristics in Albania have remained constant or undergone changes. The analysis incorporates developments in these dimensions during the transition, focusing specifically on minority groups, such as voting patterns, political pluralism, freedom of expression and associations, etc. Moreover, the study examines specific areas of concern in Albanian society, including corruption, the rule of law, and other important areas.</p> <p> </p> <p>Received: 19 February 2024 / Accepted: 15 March 2024 / Published: 23 March 2024</p>2024-03-23T00:00:00+01:00Copyright (c) 2024 https://www.journal-uamd.org/index.php/IJRD/article/view/350National and International Collaboration and its Impact on Economic Development2024-03-23T22:30:40+01:00Evelina Lushaadmin@admin.com<p>National and international collaboration plays a pivotal role in the globalized world’s economic development. This research paper examines the definition of such collaboration and its significant impact on economic growth. It delves into the economic benefits, challenges, and strategies for successful collaboration. The paper also explores the influence of collaboration on the global economy and its potential to reduce poverty and inequality. Collaboration is shown to facilitate technology transfer, knowledge exchange, and mutual economic growth, but it also presents hurdles like trust issues and divergent motivations. Strategies, such as proper preparation and facilitation, are recommended to mitigate these challenges. Collaboration between stakeholders, including universities, enterprises, and governments, contributes to economic development and innovation. It is especially significant in addressing global economic issues and building a green economy to alleviate poverty and inequality. Collaboration not only strengthens economic ties between countries but also promotes social and environmental sustainability. In conclusion, the paper underscores the importance of collaboration in achieving a more prosperous and equitable world while addressing the complexities and opportunities it presents in the context of economic development.</p> <p> </p> <p>Received: 3 February 2024 / Accepted: 5 March 2024 / Published: 23 March 2024</p>2024-03-23T00:00:00+01:00Copyright (c) 2024 https://www.journal-uamd.org/index.php/IJRD/article/view/351A Sociological View on The Impacts of Minority Rights in EU and Migration2024-03-23T22:34:46+01:00Matilda Likajadmin@admin.com<p>After the fall of communism in Albania, migration destinations occurred toward neighbouring states such as Italy, Greece, European countries (Germany, Switzerland, England, Belgium, etc) and also all over the world (US, Canada Australia, etc.). The flow of Albanian migration was expended in a huge amount from different social classes to other states. Because of different social, cultural, economic and political reasons, the migration flow can be identified as a complex migration phenomenon. Consequently, for these reasons, sometimes the Albanian migrants have been discriminated against. This research paper is going to be focused on the Albanian migrants and their minorities’ rights in European states. Another aspect of this paper will be focused on the problem of the well of functions of minority rights causing the anomies to the social and personal identities of migrants.</p> <p> </p> <p>Received: 19 February 2024 / Accepted: 15 March 2024 / Published: 23 March 2024</p>2024-03-23T00:00:00+01:00Copyright (c) 2024 https://www.journal-uamd.org/index.php/IJRD/article/view/352English Pre-Service Teachers’ Impressions in Relation to Their Teaching Practice: The Case of “Aleksander Moisiu” University2024-03-23T22:36:05+01:00Anisa Trifoniadmin@admin.comFlorinda Boriciadmin@admin.com<p>Teaching practice, also known as practicum, is a very important step in the formation of future teachers. It is the stage when pre-service teachers become aware of their potentials, increase their knowledge, acquire new skills, become more practical in respect to applying various techniques and approaches, gain expertise in teaching, in other words, they view the class from a different perspective; not from that of the student anymore. Successful teacher training leads towards warm and welcoming learning environments and this leads to pupils who are keen to come to school and to learn English. It is a path which every pre-service teacher experiences in various ways and allows him or her to create one’s own impressions on the way things really work within the classroom context. These impressions are very important because they give a hint on what goes well and what needs to be remedied in the future. In this context, the study in question aims to shed light on English pre-service teachers’ general impressions of practicum as well as to investigate on their impressions in relation to teachers and students’ motivation, without leaving behind the difficulties encountered in class along with the management problems that have been noticed. More specifically, this study is conducted with English language students, at the end of their third semester of teaching practice. The data is collected by means of focus groups and is analysed by using the qualitative method. The results have indicated that the participants have a positive attitude towards the teaching practice. They pay attention to students’ motivation and are aware of its importance in students’ progress. Furthermore, they pointed out various challenges they faced in class and the way teachers usually solved them.</p> <p> </p> <p>Received: 19 February 2024 / Accepted: 16 March 2024 / Published: 23 March 2024</p>2024-03-23T00:00:00+01:00Copyright (c) 2024 https://www.journal-uamd.org/index.php/IJRD/article/view/353Influence of Facial Profiles, Posture and Balance2024-03-23T22:37:44+01:00Selda Sokoli Veizajadmin@admin.comRezarta Kalajaadmin@admin.comAida Lako Zotajadmin@admin.comLedjona Myrtajadmin@admin.com<p>Introduction: Participants in our study were evaluated according to photography in the sagittal plane to determine facial profile. The aim of our study is to evaluate the facial profile and identify the correlation with posture and balance in static and dynamic. Methods: This is a pilot study developed from December 2021. It took place in the Physiotherapy laboratory at Aleksandër Moisiu University, Durrës. With participants (N = 7), the tests applied in the study was the Romberg test, the Tandem test. Results: In our study dominates orthognathic profile 57.3%, then we have the Retrognatic profile. Regardless of the face profile patients have the lowest scoring on the dynamic test compared to the static test. The orthognathic profile is characterized by a better static and dynamic balance. Conclusions: We note conection between the facial profile and the balance of the participants. The orthognathic profile is considered the profile with the best balance in static and dynamic.</p> <p> </p> <p>Received: 15 February 2024 / Accepted: 20 March 2024 / Published: 23 March 2024</p>2024-03-23T00:00:00+01:00Copyright (c) 2024 https://www.journal-uamd.org/index.php/IJRD/article/view/354Italian Foreign Policy between Albania and the Balkans (1910-1939)2024-03-23T22:40:12+01:00Belina Bediniadmin@admin.com<p>This paper analyses the dynamics of Italian diplomacy in Albania from the beginning of the 20th century until 1939, when the Fascists occupied Albania. The primary purpose of this paper is to show how the interests of Italy, combined with the political and economic conditions of the country and, more broadly, of the Balkan peninsula, have changed constantly. Considering the Italian and Albanian diplomatic documents and broader literature, this paper will show the dynamics that shaped the development of Italy's foreign policy concerning Albania and the Balkans in the first three decades of the century. Therefore, in the beginning, it will explain why Albania was relevant to Italian interests. In the context of the Balkan wars, Italy shared its interest with the Austria-Hungarian Empire because it aimed also to control the Adriatic Sea. Afterwards, Yugoslavia was one of Italy's rivals on the Peninsula. Being aware that Albania, like other countries in the Mediterranean, enjoys high interest from the great powers, Italy often tried to receive the UK's and France's approval on some of its moves. Hence, international events like the Balkan wars and WWI and Italian and Albanian political leaders did have a relevant role in shaping foreign policy toward the Balkans and Albania.</p> <p> </p> <p>Received: 19 February 2024 / Accepted: 15 March 2024 / Published: 23 March 2024</p>2024-03-23T00:00:00+01:00Copyright (c) 2024 https://www.journal-uamd.org/index.php/IJRD/article/view/355A Comprehensive Analysis of Engineering Competencies for IoT in Green Transformation within the Western Balkans Economy: A Case Study from UAMD University2024-03-23T22:41:29+01:00Manjola Zeneliadmin@admin.comMarsida Ibroadmin@admin.comUendi Çermaadmin@admin.com<p>The need and sensitivity in the energy sector has raised the sensibility of the education and industry sectors to accelerate the inclusion and perception of all the technologies that effect in the enrichment of the capacity buildings related to internet of things and green transition technologies. Considering the fact that Albania is at the basic phases is very important to orchestrate two parallel lines in this highway. The first one is the education area in order to instill is the best way the concepts of these modern technologies at the students in order to have future generations with the proper knowledge by integrating in the curricula new courses on IoT and green transformation. About the second on facilitation of the implementations rules of these technologies in industry by the support of national and European Union projects and regulations would be of great interest because will offer to the students a suitable environment for hand-on practice cases. Analyzing the findings based on the methodology of a survey it is highlighted on all categories of the question the gap that exists in Albanian education system on IoT and green transformation fundamental concepts and also they eagerness and readiness of academic staff and students to welcome every possibility that they encounter to feel more confident in these new technologies.</p> <p> </p> <p>Received: 19 February 2024 / Accepted: 15 March 2024 / Published: 23 March 2024</p>2024-03-23T00:00:00+01:00Copyright (c) 2024 https://www.journal-uamd.org/index.php/IJRD/article/view/356Some Propositions About Inverse Semigroups2024-03-23T22:43:36+01:00Osman Hysaadmin@admin.comArben Rekaadmin@admin.com<p>Inverse semigroups are an important subclass of the class of semigroups. An important role in the properties of the semigroups in general and in the class of inverse semigroups in particular is played by the set of their idempotents, which we denote by E or ES for a semigroup S. In the first part of this paper we will show some propositions about left unitary, right unitary, unitary subsets and closed subsets in the inverse semigroups. We will also see some properties of the maximum idempotent - separating congruence in an inverse semigroup S and its connection with Clifford’s semigroups.</p> <p> </p> <p>Received: 19 February 2024 / Accepted: 15 March 2024 / Published: 23 March 2024</p>2024-03-23T00:00:00+01:00Copyright (c) 2024 https://www.journal-uamd.org/index.php/IJRD/article/view/357Historiographic Fiction or a Documentary Genre?2024-03-23T22:45:10+01:00Enida Godimeadmin@admin.com<p>In many novels of the 20th century, has been noticed a desire to rely on history in the form of meta-narratives, but at the same time to move away from history with the help of irony. This is mainly the nature of postmodernist works, which operate under the motto anything goes, everything is allowed. But in one of Kadare's works "Mornings in Rostand Coffee" can be noticed an attempt to build at the same time historiographical metafiction and a documentary novel about events that have left a mark on his memory. On one hand there are fragments of memories, reflections, findings, descriptions in the form of a macro text that connect the author's feelings, before and after the fall of communism in Albania. Different issues of the Albanian reality are thematised, where history and fiction are connected with each other. On the other hand, this work is also on the borders of a documentary novel, because the importance is on the true composition of the event and not the composition of the work, for being strongly connected from one chapter to the next. Our work is focused on trying to find connections between a historiographic fiction, documentary genre, autobiographic memory or how from one type it can be catapulted to another type easily. This is the technique of modernists and postmodernists who do not define the work in a single literary type. Through research, diffraction and analysis of the details of history and fiction, we intend to show that Kadare's work stands very well in an experimental novel, but also in a cycle of essays which connect the fate of the writer, his emotional feelings.</p> <p> </p> <p>Received: 19 February 2024 / Accepted: 15 March 2024 / Published: 23 March 2024</p>2024-03-23T00:00:00+01:00Copyright (c) 2024 https://www.journal-uamd.org/index.php/IJRD/article/view/358Improving Critical Thinking by Using the Right Strategies and Techniques2024-03-23T22:46:45+01:00Kleada Agasiadmin@admin.com<p class="05ABSTRACT" style="margin-right: 0cm;">Teaching is is a concept that in different disciplines can be conveyed in different forms and with different techniques. English is important because in addition to the fact that it acquires knowledge, the fact that it is a subject that also requires vocabulary study. One of the rubrics of thinking about a foreign language is reading. Reading is an activity with benefits. Reading is part of critical thinking, on the other hand, it includes a multitude of complex skills. The purpose of this study is to encourage guided reading by stimulating critical thinking and to determine some teaching methods and techniques focused on guided reading and the stimulation of critical thinking in comprehension and writing that affects intellectual development of students forming social and cooperative individuals. The research method that was used is the quantitative and qualitative research method such as interview and observation. The questionnaires were taken from students and teachers from different schools with different achievements. A contribution in this study are the suggestions regarding the methods and techniques that encourage critical thinking and, in particular, guided reading will have a result and the various recommendations from teachers who succeeded in teaching in classes with difficulties in reading.</p> <p class="05ABSTRACT" style="margin-right: 0cm;"> </p> <p class="05ABSTRACT" style="margin-right: 0cm;">Received: 25 February 2024 / Accepted: 18 March 2024 / Published: 23 March 2024</p>2024-03-23T00:00:00+01:00Copyright (c) 2024 https://www.journal-uamd.org/index.php/IJRD/article/view/359The Public Budget’ Coverage of the Electoral Campaigns and Elections (2017-2024) and the Prevention of the Abuse of State Resources for Free and Fair Elections in Albania2024-03-23T22:48:15+01:00Marsida Ismailiadmin@admin.com<p>This paper aims to analyze the use of public budgets to finance the electoral process, including electoral campaigns and elections of the political parties, candidates and other electoral subjects. The focus in this paper is in organizing free and fair elections, by preventing the abuse of the state resources, considered as one of the main deficiencies of the new democracies, including Albania from the year 1991- onward. The abuse of state resources, as an important feature of political finance, focuses on the problems resulting from the undue influence of the incumbent political party that wants to stay in power as long as possible. It is related with the funds or other resources, gained by political parties and candidates that benefit the incumbent party, and it results in undue influence of the later, and prevents other political parties and candidates from having a fair electoral contest. The main research question of this paper is: what are the programs and activities that are funded by the public (national) budgets related with the parliamentary and local elections and what are the financing’ regulations and their effects? Also, does the government create a fair starting point for all of the political parties and candidates, as a mean to preventing the abuse of state resources? As a result, this paper will study the approved budgets and the differences that arise from year 2017- until now, and it will analyze the total spending or expenditures for the elections, given to CEC and to the electoral subjects. The methodology used here is the combination of qualitative methods, and by using primary and secondary sources of information from different international and national relevant institutions and the analysis of the public budgets, for the budgetary years of 2017-2024.</p> <p> </p> <p>Received: 12 February 2024 / Accepted: 17 March 2024 / Published: 23 March 2024</p>2024-03-23T00:00:00+01:00Copyright (c) 2024 https://www.journal-uamd.org/index.php/IJRD/article/view/360Legal Protection of Trademarks, the Albanian Legal Framework for Their Protection Between Defining Similarities and Differences of the European and American System2024-03-23T22:49:50+01:00Ingrida Behri Mustafaadmin@admin.comLira Spiroadmin@admin.com<p>The subject of this study is the submission of trademark protection within the national and international legal framework. In this respect, the legal protections enjoyed by a trademark registered under legal norms were laid out first, secondly through comparative analysis the similarities and differences between the European and American system for the legal protection of trademarks. At the end of the work is prohibited under the domestic legal framework of trademarks. Adequate legal protection is that which differentiates a symbol, a letter, a mark from simple rating to legally protected trade mark.</p> <p> </p> <p>Received: 19 February 2024 / Accepted: 15 March 2024 / Published: 23 March 2024</p>2024-03-23T00:00:00+01:00Copyright (c) 2024 https://www.journal-uamd.org/index.php/IJRD/article/view/361Digitalization of Alumni in Albanian Higher Educational Institutions for a Better Career and Success of Students2024-03-23T22:51:35+01:00Amarildo Ristaadmin@admin.comLindita Mukliadmin@admin.comEdmira Xhaferraadmin@admin.comElton Tataadmin@admin.com<p>Alumni is a vital sector in higher education institutions (HEI) that follows the professional progress of graduate students. It enables university-business connections by promoting and orienting students in the labor market. Today, the digitization of the Alumni sector offers fast and effective solutions for managing the progress of graduate students. Through the application of the Alumni Information System (AIS), many digitized services are offered for Alumni staff, students and businesses on a single platform. The AIS system is a tool that provides a digital database for graduate students, online platforms for database management, and software to interact with employment companies. This article will focus on the study of the digitization of the Alumni sector in HEIs in Albania and the role of AIS in improving the success of graduate students and their career development. In addition, we will propose an AIS model that can be applied to these institutions and beyond. This paper makes a noble contribution to the digitization of the Alumni sector and in particular in HEIs in Albania as an important step towards improving the success of graduate students and their career development.</p> <p> </p> <p>Received: 19 February 2024 / Accepted: 15 March 2024 / Published: 23 March 2024</p>2024-03-23T00:00:00+01:00Copyright (c) 2024 https://www.journal-uamd.org/index.php/IJRD/article/view/362Attractiveness of Albania for Foreign Firms: An Analysis of Opportunities and Challenges2024-03-23T22:54:31+01:00Denada Liçaadmin@admin.comSilvana Gashiadmin@admin.com<p>This paper examines Albania’s evolving landscape as a burgeoning destination for foreign direct investment (FDI), underscored by its strategic geographical location, economic reforms, and sectoral growth opportunities. Using a literature review methodology, we focus into an analysis of peer-reviewed articles, government reports, and international indices to construct a nuanced understanding of Albania’s economic environment, the palpable sectoral opportunities for investment, and the persistent challenges that foreign firms may encounter. This analysis reveals that Albania presents a compelling case for foreign investment, particularly in sectors like tourism, energy, agriculture, and manufacturing. Conversely, the investigation highlights significant challenges that could impede foreign investment, such as bureaucratic inefficiencies, corruption, infrastructural deficits, and legal and regulatory uncertainties. This study contributes to the broader discourse on FDI in emerging markets, offering insights into Albania’s unique position within the Western Balkans region and providing a framework for policymakers and investors to harness the full spectrum of opportunities while addressing the challenges to ensure mutual long-term benefits.</p> <p> </p> <p>Received: 19 February 2024 / Accepted: 15 March 2024 / Published: 23 March 2024</p>2024-03-23T00:00:00+01:00Copyright (c) 2024 https://www.journal-uamd.org/index.php/IJRD/article/view/363The Immunity of the Deputy in the 1998 Constitution of the Republic of Albania2024-03-23T22:56:22+01:00Anton Geraadmin@admin.com<p>Immunities are generally configured as an exception to the application of the common law provided for the benefit of some subjects due to the function they perform. It should be emphasized that immunity, in general, is a very significant instrument for the protection of the autonomy and independence of constitutional institutions. In this paper, the author will deal only with the immunity of the deputy, postponing to a second moment the treatment of immunity for other constitutional institutions provided by the Constitution of the Republic of Albania. The issue of the MP's immunity has been and continues to be at the center of the political debate at the moment we are writing this. It will continue to be in the center of attention from our politicians until it is not considered as a personal privilege but as an instrument to protect the exercise of functions in the Parliament. First, the author will deal with the notion and origin of immunity in general, then to stop at the immunity of the deputy according to the 1998 constitution and the evolution that has occurred during these years.</p> <p> </p> <p>Received: 19 February 2024 / Accepted: 15 March 2024 / Published: 23 March 2024</p>2024-03-23T00:00:00+01:00Copyright (c) 2024 https://www.journal-uamd.org/index.php/IJRD/article/view/364Assessing the Perception Index on Right of Education in the Mother Tongue (Pire) for Different National Minorities in Albania2024-03-24T19:39:53+01:00Enida Kumeadmin@admin.com<p>Albanian legislation defines the education of national minorities in their mother tongue as a fundamental constitutional right. The judgment for the realization of this right using PIRE and its indicators evaluated for different national minorities in Albania showed that there are significant differences between them. The Greek, Macedonian, and Armenian minorities perceive the completion of the right to education in the mother tongue qualitatively better than Roma, Serbian, Bulgarian and Egyptian Montenegrin national minorities. Bosnian national minority values the completion of this right at the "Moderate" level. Among the component indicators of the index, citizens perceive legislation, desire and opportunities as the most important. This perception is more pronounced among the Greek, Macedonian, Armenian and Bosnian minorities. Citizens perceive more sensitive effects in the fulfillment of the right to education in the mother tongue generated by the factors: (i) the level of their information about this right and the paths they must follow to fulfill it; (ii) population size of national minority and its distribution in the territory; (iii) the level of use of the mother tongue in family communication; (iv) citizen cooperation and with local government bodies; (v) encouraging private initiatives and (vi) increasing capacities in bilateral and regional cooperation.</p> <p> </p> <p>Received: 25 February 2024 / Accepted: 21 March 2024 / Published: 23 March 2024</p>2024-03-23T00:00:00+01:00Copyright (c) 2024 https://www.journal-uamd.org/index.php/IJRD/article/view/365Navigating the Future of Work: Human Capital in the Age of Industry 4.02024-03-27T20:08:00+01:00Megi Markuadmin@admin.com<p>The advent of Industry 4.0 signifies a pivotal transition, driven by the integration of digital technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT), Artificial Intelligence (AI), robotics, and big data analytics. This revolution is reshaping the landscape of both industrial and service sectors, highlighting the need for economic restructuring to pave the way for sustainable development. This paper investigates the profound impact of Industry 4.0 on human capital within the framework of sustainable economic transformation. The analysis embarks on detailing the revolutionary essence of Industry 4.0 and its repercussions on traditional industrial operations. A focal point of this inquiry is the transformation in human capital, deemed essential for achieving sustainable economic targets. This transformation is distinguished by a shift from manual to cognitive capabilities and the imperative for continuous learning, which are crucial for cultivating an adaptable and innovative workforce. Furthermore, the emergence of new job roles demanding advanced digital skills, the obstacles in workforce transformation such as the digital divide, and the need for comprehensive skill development are discussed. Strategies for the development of human capital are proposed, emphasizing the significance of educational, training, and lifelong learning initiatives by organizations and governments, all aligned with sustainable economic goals. Concluding, the paper provides a future outlook on the role of human capital within the sustainable economic development framework in an automated era. Recommendations for navigating the challenges and opportunities of human capital management in the Industry 4.0 epoch are provided, aiming at fostering sustainable economic growth.</p> <p> </p> <p>Received: 27 February 2024 / Accepted: 22 March 2024 / Published: 23 March 2024</p>2024-03-23T00:00:00+01:00Copyright (c) 2024