The Impact of Religious Belief and Economic Developments on Women’s Rights in Albanian Customary Law

Abstract

Albanian customary law, particularly the Kanun, has played a central role in shaping the legal and social status of women. Rooted in tradition and often reinforced by religious beliefs, the Kanun has maintained patriarchal norms that continue to affect women’s rights, especially in rural areas. This study aims to examine the impact of religious beliefs and economic developments on women’s rights as reflected in four major Kanuns: those of Lekë Dukagjini, Skanderbeg, Labëria, and Luma. The research explores whether these traditional norms have been preserved, modified, or abandoned and identifies the steps necessary to challenge discriminatory customs and promote gender equality. The methodology involves a comparative historical analysis of primary legal texts and contemporary scholarly interpretations, complemented by qualitative interviews with legal experts and historians. The findings reveal that while religious institutions have historically reinforced gender inequality, they have also played a role in encouraging reform. Economic developments—particularly education and women’s participation in the labor market—have contributed to reshaping traditional gender roles. Nonetheless, the uneven implementation of legal reforms has allowed customary practices to persist in certain areas. The study concludes that achieving full gender equality in Albania requires an integrated approach that includes the enforcement of modern legal standards, educational initiatives, and the economic empowerment of women. Such efforts must work in concert with broader social and cultural transformations to effectively bridge the gap between entrenched customary norms and contemporary legal frameworks.

Received: 20 April 2025 / Accepted: 18 June 2025 / Published: 25 June 2025