Cooperation between Albania and Frontex: Balancing Border Security, Human Rights, and European Integration

Abstract

This study will examine the cooperation between the European Border and Coast Guard Agency (Frontex) and Albania in the context of Albania’s integration into the European Union. As the first non-EU country to host a Frontex joint operation on its territory in 2019, Albania’s role in border management has been established, with a focus on addressing border issues, border migration, and adapting its practices to EU standards. With the revised terms of reference in 2023, Frontex gained competencies for the year, including exercises in enforcement functions throughout the Albanian territory. It created joint teams composed of Albanian authorities and officers to monitor and protect the borders. This union supports Albania in aligning its policies with EU standards - strengthening institutional capacities for managing migration flows, border controls, and EU policy rules. The paper is based on a broad analysis of sources: EU and Albanian legislation, EU progress reports on Albania, Frontex and Ombudsman reports, as well as a range of academic and institutional sources. In conclusion, the study highlights that cooperation with Frontex has improved border security and institutional capacities, but remaining challenges require continued efforts to comply with the EU acquis Communautaire fully. The Ombudsman’s oversight role is essential for guaranteeing human rights and maintaining the balance between security and protection of migrants, which is crucial for Albania’s integration into the European border management system.

Received: 19 May 2025 / Accepted: 17 June 2025 / Published: 25 June 2025