Possible Limits of Ammunition Parameters for the Purpose of Self-Defense

Abstract

The aim of the paper is the analysis of limits of ammunition parameters for the purpose of self-defense. The article enhances knowledge about the consequences of ammunition usage. It involves the analysis and synthesis of parameters regarding the effectiveness of selected ammunition—with an emphasis on the wounding effect of small-caliber bullets—and defining the parameters of the stopping effect based on the kinetic energy of pistol and revolver cartridges. Presented results of the paper increase knowledge about limits of ammunition parameters. The educational benefit of this study is to provide theoretical knowledge for both current and prospective holders of short firearms who have a legitimate need to carry a weapon for defense and are in the decision-making process of choosing suitable, effective ammunition for their specific purpose. Furthermore, it establishes safe kinetic energy limits for selected ammunition types, which helps minimize the risk of accidental threats to bystanders or property damage caused by unsuitable ammunition. The conclusions of the article emphasize acquiring knowledge about the consequences of ammunition usage. An adequately educated firearm user will be able to utilize ammunition appropriately. The appropriate use of ammunition is a prerequisite for effective self-defense. On the other hand, missing knowledge of ammunition can determine stopping effect of ammunition.

Received: 20 February 2026  │  Accepted: 10 June 2026  │  Published: 23 July 2026